Effects of hip and trunk muscle strengthening on hip function and lower limb kinematics during step-down task.

BACKGROUND: Strengthening of the hip and trunk muscles has the potential to change lower limb kinematic patterns, such as excessive hip medial rotation and adduction during weight-bearing tasks. This study aimed to investigate the effect of hip and trunk muscles strengthening on hip muscle performance, hip passive properties, and lower limb kinematics during step-down task in women. METHODS: Thirty-four young women who demonstrated dynamic knee valgus during step-down were divided into two groups. The experimental group underwent three weekly sessions of strengthening exercises for eight weeks, and the control group continued their usual activities. The following evaluations were carried out: (a) isokinetic maximum concentric and eccentric work of hip lateral rotators, (b) isokinetic hip passive torque of lateral rotation and resting transverse plane position, and (c) three-dimensional kinematics of the lower limb during step-down. FINDINGS: The strengthening program increased concentric (P<0.001) and eccentric (P<0.001) work of hip lateral rotators, and changed hip resting position toward lateral rotation (P<0.001). The intervention did not significantly change hip passive torque (P=0.089, main effect). The program reduced hip (P=0.002), thigh (P=0.024) and shank (P=0.005) adduction during step-down task. Hip, thigh and knee kinematics in transverse plane and foot kinematics in frontal plane did not significantly modify after intervention (P≥0.069, main effect). INTERPRETATION: Hip and trunk strengthening reduced lower limb adduction during step-down. The changes in hip maximum work and resting position may have contributed to the observed kinematic effects.

Força muscular e índice de fadiga dos extensores e flexores do joelho de jogadores profissionais de futebol de acordo com o posicionamento em campo / Muscular strength and fatigue index of knee extensors and flexors of professional soccer players according to their positioning in field / Fuerza muscular e índice de fatiga de los extensores y flexores de las rodillas de jugadores profesionales de fútbol, de acuerdo con el posicionamento en campo

INTRODUÇÃO: Assimetrias na capacidade de produção de força entre músculos dos membros inferiores e fadiga muscular podem favorecer a ocorrência de lesões em atletas de futebol. Considerando-se que existem diferenças individuais determinadas pelas diversas funções exercidas pelos jogadores, é possível que a presença de assimetrias de força e fadiga muscular esteja relacionada ao posicionamento em campo. OBJETIVOS: 1) Investigar diferenças na assimetria de pico de torque (PT), na assimetria de trabalho (T) e no índice de fadiga (IF) dos extensores e flexores do joelho de atletas profissionais de futebol de acordo com a posição em campo; e 2) Determinar se o IF dos flexores é superior ao dos extensores. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas avaliações isocinéticas de 164 atletas profissionais de futebol (atacantes, zagueiros, laterais, meio-campistas e goleiros). O protocolo para avaliação da força concêntrica dos extensores e flexores do joelho consistiu em cinco repetições a 60°/s e 30 repetições a 300°/s. O teste de Kruskall-Wallis foi utilizado para verificar diferenças na assimetria de PT, assimetria de T e IF dos extensores e flexores do joelho entre jogadores de diferentes posicionamentos. O teste de Wilcoxon foi realizado para verificar se havia diferença entre o IF dos extensores e flexores. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os jogadores dos cinco posicionamentos para as assimetrias de PT e T, bem como para o IF dos extensores e flexores (p > 0,05). O IF flexor foi superior ao extensor em ambos os membros inferiores (p < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Variáveis isocinéticas comumente associadas a lesões não foram diferentes entre jogadores de diferentes posicionamentos. Os atletas apresentaram o IF flexor superior ao extensor, o que pode estar relacionado à maior frequência de estiramentos dos isquiossurais em comparação ao quadríceps.

INTRODUCTION: Strength asymmetry among the muscles of the lower limbs and muscle fatigue may predispose soccer players to injuries. Regarding the individual differences determined by diverse roles performed by players, it is possible that the presence of asymmetries of muscle strength and fatigue is related to playing position. OBJECTIVES: 1) To investigate differences in asymmetry of peak torque (PT), work asymmetry (W) and fatigue index (FI) of knee extensors and flexors of professional soccer players according to their positioning in field; 2) To determine if FI of knee flexors is higher than those of knee extensors. METHODS: Data from isokinetic assessment of 164 professional soccer players (forwards, fullbacks, wingers, midfielders and goalkeepers) were analyzed. The protocol of evaluation of concentric strength of knee extensors and flexors consisted of five repetitions at 60°/s and 30 repetitions at 300°/s. Kruskall-Wallis test was carried out to verify differences in PT asymmetry, W asymmetry and FI of knee extensors and flexors among players of different positions. The Wilcoxon test was performed to verify if there is difference between FI of knee extensors and flexors. RESULTS: There was no difference among playing positions for asymmetries of PT and W, as well as for FI of knee extensors and flexors (p > 0.05). The FI of knee flexors was higher than FI of knee extensors in both lower limbs (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Isokinetic variables, commonly associated with injuries, were not different among players of different positions. The athletes had flexor FI higher than extensor FI, which can be related to greater frequency of strain injury of hamstrings in comparison to quadriceps.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Asimetrías en la capacidad de producción de fuerza entre músculos de los miembros inferiores y la fatiga muscular pueden favorecer la ocurrencia de lesiones en atletas de fútbol. Considerándose que existen diferencias individuales, determinadas por las diversas funciones desempeñadas por los jugadores, es posible que la presencia de asimetrías de fuerza y fatiga muscular esté relacionada con el posicionamiento en campo. OBJETIVOS: 1) Investigar diferencias en la asimetría de pico de torsión (PT), en la asimetría de trabajo (T) y en el índice de fatiga (IF) de los extensores y flexores de las rodillas de atletas profesionales de fútbol, de acuerdo con la respectiva posición en campo; y 2) Determinar si el IF de los flexores es superior al de los extensores. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron evaluaciones de 164 atletas profesionales de fútbol (delanteros, zagueros, laterales, mediocampistas y arqueros). El protocolo, para evaluación de la fuerza concéntrica de los extensores y flexores de las rodillas, consistió en cinco repeticiones a 60°/s y 30 repeticiones a 300°/s. La prueba de Kruskall-Wallis fue utilizada para verificar diferencias en la asimetría de PT, asimetría de T e IF de los extensores y flexores de rodillas entre jugadores de diferentes posicionamientos. La prueba de Wilcoxon fue realizada para verificar si había diferencia entre el IF de los extensores y flexores. RESULTADOS: No hubieron diferencias entre los jugadores de las cinco posiciones cuanto a las asimetrías de PT y T, así como para el IF de los extensores y flexores (p > 0,05). El IF del flexor fue superior al del extensor en ambos miembros inferiores (p < 0,01). CONCLUSIÓN: Las variables isocinéticas, comúnmente vinculadas a lesiones, no fueron diferentes entre jugadores en diversas posiciones. Los atletas presentaron el IF de flexor superior al del extensor, lo que puede estar relacionado con más frecuencia de estiramientos de los isquiosurales en comparación con el cuádriceps.

Myofascial force transmission between the latissimus dorsi and gluteus maximus muscles: an in vivo experiment.

There are extensive connections between the latissimus dorsi (LD) and gluteus maximus (GMax) muscles and the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF), which suggests a possible pathway for myofascial force transmission. The present study was designed to provide empirical evidence of myofascial force transmission from LD to contralateral GMax through TFL in vivo. To accomplish this goal, we evaluated whether active or passive tensioning of the LD results in increased passive tension of the contralateral GMax, indexed by changes in the hip resting position (RP) or passive stiffness. The hip RP was defined as the angular position in which the passive joint torque equals zero, and passive hip stiffness was calculated as the change in passive torque per change in joint angle. Thirty-seven subjects underwent an assessment of their passive hip torque against medial rotation by means of an isokinetic dynamometer. These measures were carried out under three test conditions: (1) control, (2) passive LD tensioning and (3) active LD tensioning. Electromyography was used to monitor the activity of the hip muscles and the LD under all conditions. Repeated measures analyses of variance demonstrated that passive LD tensioning shifted the hip RP towards lateral rotation (p=0.009) but did not change the passive hip stiffness (p>0.05). Active LD tensioning shifted the hip RP towards lateral rotation (p<0.001) and increased the passive hip stiffness (p≤0.004). The results demonstrated that manipulation of the LD tension modified the passive hip variables, providing evidence of myofascial force transmission in vivo.

Efeito dos exercícios de fortalecimento e alongamento sobre a rigidez tecidual passiva / Effect of strength and stretching training on tissue passive stiffness

INTRODUÇÃO: Níveis excessivos ou reduzidos de rigidez passiva dos músculos, tendões, ligamentos e fáscias podem estar relacionados à ocorrência de disfunções de movimento e ao desenvolvimento de lesões musculoesqueléticas. O tratamento dessas condições comumente envolve a aplicação de técnicas voltadas para alterar a rigidez, tais como fortalecimento ou alongamento. OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revisão crítica da literatura para investigar os efeitos de exercícios de fortalecimento e alongamento sobre a rigidez tecidual passiva. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizada consulta aos bancos de dados Medline, Scielo, Lilacs e PEDro. Foram incluídos estudos experimentais realizados em animais ou humanos, sem limite de data. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 20 estudos que investigaram o efeito do fortalecimento sobre a rigidez passiva e 13 que pesquisaram o efeito de programas de alongamento sobre a rigidez passiva. CONCLUSÃO: Os estudos sugerem que exercícios de fortalecimento de alta intensidade são capazes de aumentar os níveis de rigidez tecidual tanto em animais quanto em humanos. O aumento da área de secção transversa e modificações na composição dos tecidos são alguns dos mecanismos responsáveis por esse aumento. Em relação ao fortalecimento muscular em posição alongada e ao fortalecimento excêntrico em toda amplitude com carga moderada, os resultados são insuficientes para afirmar sobre o real efeito dessas técnicas em reduzir os níveis de rigidez. Por fim, programas de alongamento estático ou do tipo contrai-relaxa parecem reduzir a rigidez tecidual quando realizados por meio de protocolos de longa duração e/ou alta frequência.

INTRODUCTION: High or low levels of passive stiffness of muscles, tendons, ligaments and fascia can be related to the occurrence of movement dysfunctions and to the development of musculoskeletal injuries. The treatment of these conditions often involves the use of techniques to modify stiffness, such as strengthening or stretching. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a critical review in order to investigate the effects of strength and stretching exercises on tissue passive stiffness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature research was performed with the Medline, Scielo, Lilacs and PEDro. Experimental studies carried out in animals and humans, without data limit, were included in this research. RESULTS: Twenty studies about the effect of strength training on passive stiffness and 13 studies about the effect of stretching exercises on passive stiffness were selected. CONCLUSION: The studies suggest that strength exercises of high intensity are capable to increase the levels of tissue stiffness in animals and humans. The increase in cross-sectional area and changes in tissue composition are some of the mechanisms responsible to this enhance. Regarding the muscle strengthening in lengthen position and the eccentric strengthening in the whole range of motion with moderate load, the results are insufficient to confirm the real effects of these techniques in reducing the stiffness levels. Finally, static or contract-relax stretching programs seem to decrease tissue stiffness when performed through protocols of long duration and/or high frequency.

Validity and reliability of clinical tests for assessing hip passive stiffness.

Inadequate levels of hip passive joint stiffness have been associated with the occurrence of movement dysfunction, development of pathologies and reduction in performance. Clinical tests, designed to evaluate hip joint stiffness, may allow the identification of improper stiffness levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent validity as well as the intra- and inter-examiners reliabilities of clinical measures used to assess hip passive stiffness during internal rotation. Fifteen healthy participants were subjected to test-retest evaluations by two examiners. Two clinical measures were performed: 'position of first detectable resistance' and 'change in passive resistance torque'. The results of these tests were compared to the passive stiffness measured with an isokinetic dynamometer (gold standard measure). A significant correlation was found between the stiffness measured with the isokinetic dynamometer and the clinical measures of 'position of first detectable resistance' (r=-0.85 to -0.86, p<0.001) and 'change in passive resistance torque' (r=0.78 to 0.84, p≤0.001). The Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for intra- and inter-examiners reliabilities varied from 0.95 to 0.99. Thus, the results demonstrated that the clinical measures have adequate validity and reliability for obtaining information on hip passive stiffness during internal rotation.